Semi-Mature Cuttings Prove Best for Dragon Fruit Propagation and Nutrient Efficiency

Semi-mature dragon fruit cuttings show higher propagation and nutrient use efficiency

A recent study has identified semi-mature cladode cuttings as the most effective planting material for propagating dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis).

Background

Dragon fruit has rapidly gained popularity in India owing to its nutritional benefits, vibrant color, and profitability as an exotic fruit crop. Propagation is typically done through vegetative cuttings rather than seeds, ensuring genetic uniformity and faster establishment. However, the physiological maturity of cladode cuttings significantly affects their rooting ability, nutrient uptake, and overall plant vigor.

Experimental approach

The researchers investigated three stages of cladode maturity—young, semi-mature, and mature—collected from healthy mother plants. The cuttings were grown under controlled environmental conditions at the ICAR–CISH facility. Key parameters such as sprouting rate, shoot and root growth, biomass accumulation, and uptake of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) were analyzed.

To assess efficiency, the study measured nutrient uptake efficiency (NUpE), nutrient utilization efficiency (NUtE), and total nutrient use efficiency (NUE).

Key findings

The semi-mature cladodes outperformed both young and mature cuttings across all measured parameters:

Sprouting rate: 93% in semi-mature cuttings versus 68% (young) and 75% (mature).
Shoot length: 17.8 cm and root length: 12.4 cm, both significantly higher than other treatments.
Nutrient uptake: 21% higher nitrogen and 18% higher potassium uptake compared to mature cladodes.
Overall nutrient use efficiency: greatest in semi-mature cuttings, reflecting optimal physiological balance and metabolic activity.

Scientific interpretation

The superior performance of semi-mature cladodes is attributed to their intermediate physiological status—neither too soft nor lignified—allowing efficient water and nutrient absorption. Their higher chlorophyll content and active metabolism promote vigorous rooting and shoot growth during early propagation stages.

Implications for growers

The findings have practical importance for commercial dragon fruit growers and nurseries. Using semi-mature cladodes ensures faster establishment, stronger root systems, and more uniform plant growth, which can directly enhance productivity in large-scale plantations. Moreover, optimizing nutrient use efficiency reduces fertilizer inputs and supports sustainable cultivation practices.

Conclusion

This study establishes semi-mature cladodes as the ideal propagating material for Hylocereus costaricensis, combining high rooting potential with superior nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency. By refining propagation methods based on physiological maturity, the research contributes valuable knowledge for improving the efficiency, sustainability, and profitability of dragon fruit production in subtropical regions.

Reference

Rymbai, H., Verma, V. K., Talang, H., Devi, M. B., & Mawlein, J. (2025). Higher propagation and nutrient use efficiency of cladode cuttings in dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) due to the effect of substrates and growth regulators. Discover Plants, 2(1), 282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-025-00363-5