Introduction
Plastic mulch films have long been used in agriculture to suppress weeds, conserve soil moisture, and boost crop yields. However, their widespread use has created a new problem: plastic pollution. Conventional polyethylene mulch films often remain in the soil as microplastics, threatening soil health and the environment.
To address this challenge, researchers are exploring biodegradable mulch films (BDMs) as a sustainable alternative. Unlike conventional plastics, BDMs are designed to break down naturally in the soil, leaving behind no harmful residues.
What are Biodegradable Mulch Films?
Biodegradable mulch films are made from renewable biopolymers (such as polylactic acid, starch blends, or polyhydroxyalkanoates) or fossil-based biodegradable polymers. They are engineered to perform the same agricultural functions as plastic mulches—weed suppression, moisture conservation, and soil temperature regulation—while eventually decomposing through microbial activity.
Benefits of Biodegradable Mulch Films
- Reduced Plastic Waste – Eliminates the costly and labor-intensive process of collecting and disposing of plastic films.
- Soil Health Improvement – Avoids microplastic buildup and promotes healthier soil ecosystems.
- Sustainability – Supports circular economy principles by utilizing renewable resources.
- Labor Efficiency – Farmers save time and money since films do not need to be removed after harvest.
- Crop Performance – Similar or even improved yields compared to polyethylene mulches in certain crops.
Challenges and Considerations
Despite their promise, biodegradable mulch films face challenges:
- Cost – BDMs are currently more expensive than conventional plastics.
- Performance Variability – Degradation rates depend on climate, soil type, and microbial activity.
- Regulatory Standards – Lack of universal standards for biodegradability in soil.
- Farmer Adoption – Awareness and confidence in new technologies remain limited in many regions.
Environmental Impact
Studies show that BDMs significantly reduce the long-term accumulation of plastic waste in agricultural soils. While conventional plastics fragment into microplastics, biodegradable alternatives are metabolized by soil microorganisms into CO₂, water, and biomass, reducing environmental harm.
Future Perspectives
To accelerate adoption, efforts are underway to:
- Develop cost-effective biopolymers with consistent performance.
- Establish clear international certification standards for soil biodegradability.
- Integrate BDMs into broader sustainable farming practices.
- Promote farmer education and policy incentives to encourage use.
Conclusion
Biodegradable mulch films represent a sustainable alternative to plastic mulches, addressing the dual goals of boosting agricultural productivity and protecting the environment. With continued research, innovation, and supportive policies, BDMs could become a cornerstone of eco-friendly agriculture worldwide.
Reference
Graf, M., Choiselat, E., Reay, M. K., Bargiela, R., Dimitriou, A., Liu, Q., Elias, R. M., Golyshin, P. N., Griffiths, R., & Chadwick, D. R. (2025). Biodegradable mulch films exhibit slower-than-expected degradation with negligible effects on soil microbial communities. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 139871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139871
