Introduction
Citrus fruits are a global agricultural powerhouse, but the industry faces growing challenges from pathogens and unsustainable farming practices. Traditionally, copper-based fungicides have been the frontline defense against diseases like anthracnose and Alternaria brown spot. However, excessive copper use disrupts microbial diversity, harms beneficial organisms, and poses environmental risks.
A groundbreaking study sheds light on how copper fungicides impact the citrus fruit microbiome and explores eco-friendly alternatives such as chitosan and sweet orange essential oil (SOEO) to balance disease control with environmental sustainability.
Key Findings from the Study
- Copper Reduces Microbial Diversity
- The research revealed that copper treatments significantly reduced bacterial diversity on citrus fruit surfaces, leading to microbial imbalances and dominance by fewer taxa.
- This disruption weakens the plant’s natural resilience and long-term health.
- Biological Alternatives Preserve Microbiome Health
- Treatments with chitosan, SOEO, or their mixture controlled pathogens while maintaining microbial diversity.
- Beneficial microbes like Bacillus and Pseudomonas, known for their biocontrol potential, thrived under these treatments.
- Core Microbiome as Disease-Fighting Allies
- About 81.7% of the citrus core microbiome members were identified as potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) against fungal pathogens, offering natural disease suppression without harming the ecosystem.
Why This Matters
The study proves that sustainable plant protection strategies can maintain citrus health while reducing chemical inputs. By preserving the fruit’s microbiome, growers can strengthen natural disease resistance, reduce environmental damage, and align with global calls for eco-friendly farming.
Future Outlook
The identification of core beneficial microbes opens the door to microbiome-informed farming practices. These strategies could revolutionize citrus disease management by combining biological treatments with precision agriculture, ensuring healthier crops and safer food systems.
Conclusion
Replacing copper fungicides with microbiome-friendly alternatives like chitosan and sweet orange essential oil offers a win-win solution for citrus growers: effective disease control, healthier fruit microbiomes, and sustainable farming practices.
As agriculture faces pressure to reduce chemical use, embracing nature-based solutions can ensure citrus orchards remain productive, resilient, and eco-friendly.
Reference
Lombardo, M. F., Abdelfattah, A., Catara, V., Wang, N., & Cirvilleri, G. (2025). Citrus Fruit Microbiome Changes Under Copper-Based and Biological Alternative Treatments and Its Biocontrol Potential. Microbiological Research, 128346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2025.128346
